Nathan Hutama Biology AP

Corn Genetics Lab Conclusion / Results: At the end of this experiment we learned a lot more about chi-square analysis and the dominant and recessive genes of corn. By being able to count the number of yellow, purple, shrunken, and smooth corn, we were able to conclude the ratio of genotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1. By using the data gathered from our experiment and the chi-square values, were able to predict the parents of the corn. Here, we believed that the parents were black eyed and were Bb x Bb. We were also able to predict how the corn came to be by determining what kind of cross it was. We believed that the ear of corn was produced by a dihybrid cross (PpSs x PpSs) that involved two pairs of heterozygous genes. In the end, our predictions were correct because we were able to determine the genes of the corn and their parents. This is important to us because we can use these genetics to figure out human ancestry and genetics. Genetics is a new, unique, and always c...

Investigation 7 Part 2: Effects of Environment on Mitosis Introduction: We are now studying cell division and mitosis. After studying the different phases of a cell – mitosis and interphase, we are doing this lab to practice our identification of cells in mitosis or interphase. We are also testing to see whether a cell affected by the environment in various ways, has a different number of cells undergoing mitosis. To do this, we are treating an onion root tip to see whether it will change the cells. We are also doing this to practice our chi-square calculations which will determine the degrees of freedom (df). This equals the number of treatment groups minus one, multiplied by the number of phase groups minus one. In this experiment since there are only two treatment groups (control and treated) and two phase groups (interphase and mitosis) the degrees of freedom is 1. (2 – 1) x (2 – 1) = 1. I believe that the treated cells will have a higher number of cells undergoing mitosi...

Investigation 5: Photosynthesis Lab Introduction: We are now learning about photosynthesis, the process in which all plants receive energy from. By consuming sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, the plant will be able to produce ATP, NADPH, carbohydrates, oxygen, and water. This is seen in the chemical equation for photosynthesis 2H2O + CO2 + Light -> carbohydrate + O2 + H2O. Ultimately, photosynthesis provides energy for all life on earth by using sunlight to create energy for plants. In this experiment we will be investigating the rate of photosynthesis of leaf disks placed in cups filled with a bicarbonate solution. As photosynthesis occurs and oxygen is produced the leaf disks float towards the surface of the cups. We can test the rate of photosynthesis by timing how long it takes for the disks to reach the top of the cup. We will test the rates of these leaf disks by covering the cups with different colored cellophane paper. We will be using red and green pieces of...

Investigation 4: Osmosis and Diffusion Procedure 1:  Surface Area and Cell Size Brief experiment purpose and hypothesis : The purpose of this experiment was to discover how cell size and shape can affect a cell’s metabolic effectiveness - essentially, which can diffuse materials in and out at a faster rate. We predicted that a cell with the greatest surface area to volume ratio would be the most effective because it would have a larger area to bring out and in materials into a smaller section of volume. General procedure with materials: Three cubic blocks of agar were cut out using a thin strip of hard plastic. One block had sides of 0.5 cm, another had sides of 1 cm, and the third had sides of 2 cm. Each agar block contained NaOH and the pH indicator dye phenolphthalein, turning the cube a bright purple. Once cut out, each block was placed in a separate petri dish filled with water. A video was taken to analyze which agar cube lost its coloring the fastest through diffusion...